Vol 2 No 2 (2024)
Articles
Published
September 25, 2024
Keywords
- Islamophobia,
- terrorism,
- transnational identity crisis,
- media representation,
- globalisation
How to Cite
Kalu, B., & Ijiomah, A. (2024). Rethinking Islamophobia: A Transnational Crisis of Identity for the Potential Terrorist. Advances in Law, Pedagogy, and Multidisciplinary Humanities, 2(2), 1-23. Retrieved from http://990821.wannyin.cyou/index.php/alpamet/article/view/755
Abstract
This paper explores the complex dynamics of Islamophobia as it relates to the construction of the “potential terrorist” identity. Islamophobia, driven by media narratives, political discourse, and global security concerns, often labels Muslims as inherent threats, reinforcing the stereotype of the “potential terrorist.” This stigmatization creates a transnational identity crisis for Muslims, particularly those who feel marginalized or alienated by society's perceptions. The paper critically examines how this identity crisis can push individuals towards radicalization by exacerbating feelings of isolation, distrust, and hostility toward systems that vilify them. By analyzing the historical roots of Islamophobia and the role of global events such as 9/11 and the subsequent “war on terror,” the paper argues that the branding of Muslims as potential terrorists is a socio-political construct. Drawing on scholarly insights, the paper underscores the need to rethink these narratives, as they fail to address the underlying causes of terrorism, such as political grievances, socio-economic disenfranchisement, and Western foreign interventions in the Muslim world. The paper further investigates how global policies, surveillance, and media portrayals reinforce the “potential terrorist” identity, often leading to discrimination, racial profiling, and even violent backlash against Muslim communities. In response, the paper advocates for a reevaluation of security discourses and calls for approaches that prioritize deconstructing Islamophobic stereotypes, promoting inclusivity, and addressing the legitimate grievances that may drive some individuals towards extremist ideologies.
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Erlenbusch, V. (2015) ‗Terrorism and revolutionary violence: the emergence of terrorism in the French Revolution‘, Critical Studies on Terrorism, vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 193- 210, available at:
Errico, F.B. (2018) “Where Do I Belong? – Identity Crises and Islamic Radicalism”, European Eye on Radicalization, available at:
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Godfrey, T. U., Uwa, K. L., & Akpan, A. (2024). Personality Traits and Academic Performance of Students in Akwa Ibom State University, Nigeria. International Journal of Business and Management Review, 12(1), 21-37.
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Isilow, H. (2019) “South Africans unite against Islamophobia, racism”, AA, available at:
Jones, S.G., Doxsee, C., Hwang, G. &Thompson J. (2021) ‗The Military, Police, and the Rise of Terrorism in the United States‘, Center for strategic and International Studies, available at:
Karaoglu, S.N. (2018) “A Definition of Islamophobia in Étienne Dinet”s The Pilgrimage to the Sacred House of Allah”, The George Washington University, Washington DC.
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Kunst, J. R., Tajamal, H., Sam, D. L., & Ulleberg, P. (2012) “Coping with Islamophobia: The effects of religious stigma on Muslim minorities” identity formation” International Journal of Intercultural Relations, vol. 36, no. 4, pp. 518-532.
Lippmann, W. (1997)Public Opinion, Free Press: New York.
Mamdani, M. (2002) “Good Muslim, Bad Muslim: A Political Perspective on Culture and Terrorism”, American Anthropologist, vol. 104, no. 3, pp. 766– 775.
Massoumi, N., Tom M., & David, M. (2017) What is Islamophobia?—Racism, Social Movements and the State, Pluto Press: London.
Mirza, N. (2019) “Everyday living with Islamophobia”, Culture and Religion, vol. 20, no. 3, pp. 302-321.
Morey, P. & Yaqin, A. (2011)Framing Muslims: Stereotyping and Representation after 9/11, Harvard University Press, Cambridge.
Mousa, N. (2018) “Three things to remember If you”re having an Identity Crisis Because of Islamophobia”, available at:
Noyes, J. (2019) “Bad culture growing”: Report finds Islamophobic incidents becoming more brazen If a bad culture is growing, it is everyone”s problem, The Sunday Morning Herald, available at:
Nyarks, A. (2006). Varieties of Anaang language. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of Uyo.
Nyarks, A. (2012). English Mirror. Use of English and Communication Skills. Uyo: Noble Publishers & Associates.
Nyarks, A., & Campus, O. A. (2022). The Linguistic Evaluation of Anaang Syllable Structures. International Journal of Formal Education, 1(8), 1-15.
Nyarks, D. A. (2022, August). Affixation: A linguistic strategy for language development, a case study of Anaang language. In ” ONLINE-CONFERENCES” PLATFORM (pp. 140-149).
Okide, U. (2020). An Analysis of Authors’ Viewpoints on Interfemale Hostility in Selected Igbo Novels. Kenneth Dike Journal of African Studies (KDJAS), 1(1).
Okide, U. J. (2021). Perception and Artistic Presentation of the Phenomenon of Death among Igbo Poets. Sapientia, 3(2), 245-263.
Okide, U. J. (2022). CHILD ABUSE IN THE IGBO FAMILY: AN ANALYSIS OF OSUAGWU’ S NWA NGWII PUO EZE. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 4(1).
Okide, U. J. (2023). Cultural Views of Wealth in Traditional and Contemporary Igbo Society: Perspectives from Maduekwe’ s †œEgo na-ekwuâ€. Nigerian Journal of African Studies (NJAS), 5(2).
Oxford Dictionary (n.d) “Islamophobia”, available at:
Ozcan, Y. (2021) “France: Islamophobic attacks up sharply last year”, The Muslim News, available at:
Pew Forum (2017) “The Growth of Germany”s Muslim Population”, available at:
Pilkington, A. (1999) “From Institutional Racism to Community Cohesion: the Changing Nature of Racial Discourse in Britain”, Sociological Research Online, vol. 13, no. 3, pp. 1.1–1.3.
Porter, T. (2018) “Punish a Muslim Day: New York Braces for Viral Anti-Muslim Violence Campaign”, Newsweek, available at:
Ramakrishna, K. (2016) “Understanding youth in the age of ISIS: a psychosocial analysis”, International Relations, available at:
Ramalho da Silva, B. (2021) “What is behind spate of racist attacks in Spain”s Murcia?”, Aljazeera, available at:
Rane, H., Ewart, J. & Martinkus, J. (2014) Media Framing of the Muslim World: Conflicts, Crises and Contexts, Palgrave Macmillan: London.
Richardson, L. (2006), What terrorists want, Random House: New York.
Richardson, R. (n.d), “Islamophobia or anti-Muslim racism – or what? – concepts and terms revisited”, available at:
Runnymede Trust (1997)Islamophobia: A Challenge for Us All, Runnymede: London. Runnymede Trust (2017) “Islamophobia: Still a challenge for us all”,Runnymede Trust, available at:
Runnymede Trust (2021) “About Us”, available at:
Ruqiyaddin, M. (2019) “Islamophobic attacks mostly happen in public. Here”s what you can do if you see it or experience it”, The Conversation, available at:
Sadek, N. (2017) “Islamophobia, shame, and the collapse of Muslim identities”, Int J ApplPsychoanal Studies, vol. 14, available at:
Safronova, V. (2017) “Nike reveals the ―pro hijab‖ for Muslim athletes”, The New York Times, available at
Said, E. (2001) “The Clash of Ignorance”, The Nation, available at:
Schmid, A.P. (2011) The Definition of Terrorism: The Routledge Handbook of Terrorism Research, Routledge: London.
Shahi, D. (2017) Understanding Post-9/11 Afghanistan: Critical Insight into Huntington”s Civilizational Approach, E-International Relations Publishing: Bristol.
Suleiman, O. (2017) “Exploring the Faith and identity Crisis of the American Muslim Youth”, Yaqeen Institute for Islamic Research, available at
Tajfel, H. (1982) “Social Psychology of Intergroup Relations”, Annual Review, of Psychology, vol. 33, pp.1-39.
Tayler, L. (2017) ‗Trump Dangerously Conflates Islam With Violent Extremism Rebranding US Counterterrorism Program is Discriminatory, Alienating‘, Human Rights Watch, available at:
The Outlook (2019) “Man faces hate crime charge after throwing hot coffee, punching Sikh clerk in US”, available at:
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